irt
rkaj;jpd; Kjy;f; flTs; rptd; MFk;. tp];Z kjj;jpd; Kjy;f; flTs; ; fpU];zh; MFk;.
irt
rkaj;jpd; FwpaPl;L milahsq;fs; gl;ilAk; (Fwp)> nfhl;ilAk;. tp];Z kjj;jpd;
FwpaPl;L milahsq;fs; ehkKk;> G+ E}Yk;. gl;il vjpuhf ehkk; FwpaPlg;gLfpd;wJ.
gl;il ,lk; ,Ue;J tyJ gf;fkhf new;wpapy;
mzptJ. ehkk; Nky; ,Ue;J fPo; new;wpapy; mzptJ. irt rkaf; flTs;fSf;Fk;
kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;j; jufh;fs; (G+ir elj;Jk; gpuhkzpfs;) ,y;iy. xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpy;
thOk; ngupath; (Kjpath;) G+iria elj;jp itg;ghh;. tp];Z kjj;jpd; gb flTSf;Fk;
kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilj; jufh;fs; (gpuhkzpfs;) cz;L.
,uhkhazg;
NghUf;Fg;gpd; (,uhtzid mopj;j gpd;) irt rkaj;Jld; tp];Z kjj;ij ,ize;J ,eJ kjkhf
cUthf;fpdhh;fs;. ,jd; Clhf tl ehl;Lg; gpuhkzpfspd; mjpfhuk; nfhb fl;bg; gwe;jJ.
fe;j
Guhzj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w njhopy; uPjpahdg; gq;fPl;il khDld; vd;w gpuhkzp khdplj;
jUkk; vd;w Mfkj;Jf;F cUthf;fp kf;fspilNa rhjpg; ghF gLfis cUthf;fpdhd;. MSk;
mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; gug;gj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. ,ijg; gug;Gtjf;fhdg; gpur;rhuj;
njhopiyg; Ghpe;jth;fs; jhd; xl;Lth; vd;w r%fkhFk;. ,th;fs; tl ehl;Lg;
gpuhkzpfspd; mbikfs;. ,th;fs; ,e;J kjj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhfj; njw;if Nehf;fp
te;jhh;fs; vd;W Nfs;tp [hd tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ. ,th;fisg; gw;wpa tpilaj;ij ehlfkhj;
(mz;zhj; Jiu vOjpa) jpuhtplf; fofj;jpdh; 1959 k; Mz;L mNuq;Nfw;wdhh;fs;. (,r;
r%fk; mope;J tpl;ljhfj;jhd; ,e; ehlfk; $Wfpd;wJ). njd; ehl;Lg; gpuhkzpah;fSf;F
Kd;dhy; tlehl;L gpuhkzpah;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;Gk; tpilak; ngupjhf
vLglhky;g;; Ngha;j; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. ,jdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; njw;Fg; gFjpfSf;F te;j
xl;Lth; ,dk; td;dpa r%fkhf khwp tpspk;G epiyapy; thOk; kf;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s
epyq;fspy; thoj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. ,e;j epyq;fs md;iwa mjpfhuj;jpy;
,Ue;jth;fspd; MjuTld; ,k; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J epyq;fis (tptrhag; G+kpfis) fglk;
nra;J> mth;fisg; gz;iz mbikfshf;fpdhh;fs;. ,jdhy;j; jhd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mk;
kf;fisj; Jd;GWj;Jfpd;whh;fs;. (tpspg;G epiy kf;fs; vd;w fhuzj;jhy;).
jpuhtpl
ehl;by; ,g; gpuhkzpfspd; Njy;tpahy; ,ejpar; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kdepiy
tfpf;f Kbahkyg; Ngha; tpl;lJ. fhe;jp> NeU (kd;dh; guk;giu) thzpff; r%fj;ijr;
rhu;e;jth;fs;.
-2-
tlnkhop
E}yhd mf;fpg; Guhzj;Jld; td;dpah;fspd; tuyhW njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. fp. gp jhd; jkpof
Ml;rp epiyapy; fhY}z;wpdhh;fs;. gpd; jpuhtplf; fofq;fspd; %yk; ,t; td;dpah;fs;
mjpfhu th;f;fkhf KOikahf te;jhh;fs;.
kfhghujg;
NghUld; jhd; ghz;lth;fs; vd;w ngaUld; ,th;fs; mwpKfk; Mfpd;whh;fs;. fp. gp.
gpd; jhd; td;dpah;fs; vd;w ngaUld; thoj; njhlq;fpath;fs;
,J Nghd;W
jhd; aho; cah; ,e;J Ntshsh;fspd; eltbf;iffSk; mike;J ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;F MWKf
ehtyhpd; nray;g;ghl;il cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F te;j ,r; r%fk;
kd;dh;fs; %yk; mjpfhuj;Jf;Fs; Eiye;J> md;dpah;fspd; tuTf;Fg; gpd;G jhd; MSk;
mjpfhur; rf;jpfshfj; jq;fis tsh;e;Jf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
,jdhy;
aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rhjp NtWghLfs; (Kuz;ghLfs;) ,e;jpahtpy; ,y;iy. (cjhuzkhf
,e;jpahtpy; Ntshh; vd;w r%fj;Jf;F gy ngah;fSld; cz;L. thzpf r%fe;jhd; Kjd;ikahd
r%fkhf ,Ue;jJ.)
rka>
kj ,jpfh];q;fisAk;> Guhzf;fijfisAk;> ehl;L tsikiaAk;> fpupiffs;>
Mfkq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mjhuq;fisAk; itj;Jr; rhjpfs; vg;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;
mjw;Ff; Nfs;tp [hdj;ijAk;> kjf; fijfisAk;
Mjhukhf itj;J vOJfpd;Nwd;.
jkpoh;fs;
vd;W nrhy;yg;gLgth;fs; irt rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;jth;fs; MFk;. ,th;fs; rptidAk;>
KUfidAk; jq;fs; flTshf tspgLgth;fs;. KUfd; vd;w nrhy;g; gjk; mofd;> jkpo;
vd;w nghUshFk;.
,th;fs;
Mw;wq; fiufspYk;> Fsj;jbfspYk; tspghl;Lj; jyq;fshf mikj;J tspgl;L
te;jhh;fs;. ,aw;ifahd re;jpud;> #hpad; Nghd;w Ik;Gyd;fisAk; tspgl;lhh;fs;.
,t; tspghLfisg; ngUk; tpohthf elj;Jthh;fs;. mq;F Mlfisf;> Nfhopfis ntl;bj;
Njt ghdk; (kJ) mUe;jp Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; $j;jhbj; jqfs; re;Njhrq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthh;fs;.
,q;F rkj;Jtk; ,lk; ngWk;. ,th;fs; tptrhaj;ijj; njhopyhff; nfhz;lth;fs; MFk;.
,j; jkpoh;fs; vd;gth;fs; njd; ,e;jpahtpYk;> ,yq;ifapYk; fhzg;gl;l kf;fs;
MFk;. ,th;fs; fWg;G epwj;ijf; nfhz;l gaq;fuj; Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;lth;fs; MFk;.
,jw;F ,uhkhadKk;> rpq;fs kfhtk;rKk; MjhukhFk;.
tl
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s tp];Zkjj;ijf; nfhz;l gpuhkzpah;fs; (md;W Ml;rpapy; mjpfhuk;
Gupe;jth;fs;.) ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j rptd; tspghl;il mopg;gjw;Fg; Nghh;
njhLj;jhh;fs;. ,J jhd; ,uhkhadg; NghuhFk;. ,uhtzid mopj;jjd; %yk; irt rkak;
mopf;fg;gl;L
-3-
tp];Zkjk;
mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jJ. irt rka kf;fis Vkhw;Wtjw;fhf ,e;J kjj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;fs;
,jd; gpd; irt rkaf; flTs;fisAk;> tp];Z kjf; flTs;fisAk; cwT Kiwia cUthf;fp
,uz;Lk; xd;W vd;W $wpdhh;fs;. Mjpf;fj;jpd; %yk; cz;ikahf;fpdhh;fs;. (Gypfs;
jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;jpd; %yk; [jhh;j;jj;Jf;Fg; Guhz tpilaq;fis cz;ikahf;FtJ Nghy;)
irt
rkaj;jpy; MSk; th;f;fk; vd;w r%fKk;> rl;l xOq;Ffisg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk;
r%fKk;. (,th;fspd; ngz;fs; nerTj; njhopiyr; nra;jhh;fs;. Nghh; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy;
Mz;fSk; ,j; njhopiyr; nra;jhh;fs;) kw;iwa kf;fs; ciof;F r%fq;fshFk;. irt
rkaj;jpy;f; flTSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;j; jufh;fs; (gpuhkzpah;fs) ,y;iy.
,k;
kf;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpa #ud; vd;w gaq;futhjpia mopf;f Vupf; fiuapy;g; gpwe;j
xUtd; (KUfd;) #uid tijj;J mk; kf;fspd; tpLjiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpajhff; fe;j Guhzk;
$Wfpd;wJ.
(Vupf;
fiuapy; thOfpd;wth;fs; tptrhapfs; MFk;)
,f;
fhyfl;lj;jpy;g; Nghh; epkph;j;jk; Ntiyg; gq;fPLfs; ,lk; ngw;wd. mij cUthf;f
Ntz;ba Njitfs; Vd; vd;gijf; fe;j Guhzj;jpy; 600 tupg; ghly;fs; %yk; njspTgLj;jpaJ.
(rhjp Vw;j; jho;Tfisf; $Wtjw;fhf MWKf ehth; ,t; 600 tupfisAk; mfw;wpdhh;)
fe;j
Guhzg;gb mk; kf;fs; jhd; Ml;rpf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuh;fshf ,Ue;J cs;shh;fs; vd;gJTk;
njspthAs;sJ. ,q;F nghJTilik muR
cUthfpaJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; khh;f;rpak; fz;l fdTk; ,Jjhd;.
irtk;
mopj;J KO kf;fisAk; ,e;J kjk; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F nfhz;L te;J mk; kf;fis 5 th;zq;fshf
kDjh;k rh];jpuj;jpd; gb gphpj;jhh;fs;.
upf;
Ntjk;> v[ph; Ntjk;> rk Ntjk;> mjh;td Ntjk; vd;gdthFk;. ,t; Ntjk; irt
rakf; flTshd rptngUkhDf;F gy cUtf; fijfis cUthf;fp ,e;J kjj;jpd; Kjy; flTs;
vd;W $wp irt rkaj;ijf; nfhz;l kf;fis Vkhw;wp jq;fs; flTs; Mf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
(fphp]zh; rptngUkhDf;F kr;rhd; Mdhh;)
KjyhtJ
th;zk; gpuhkz Fyj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ MSk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpuhkzpah;fSk;>
kd;dh;fSk;MFk;
,th;fis
tp]Z Nfhj;jpuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLthh;fs;.
,th;fspd;
fhupaq;fs; (fpupiffs;) 11 ehspy; ,lk; ngWk;.
md;iwa
fhyj;jpy; tl ehl;Lg; gpuhkzpah;fspd; Mjpf;fk; Ml;rpapy; epytpaJ.
-4-
,th;fs;
jhd; ,e;J kjj;jpy;f; flTSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;j; jufh;fs;. ,th;fs;
rptngUkhdpd; jiyapy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jth;fs;.
,uz;lhtJ
th;zk; rj;jpupaf; Fyj;ijr; rhu;e;jth;fs;. ,th;fs; jhd; ehl;bd; rl;l xOq;Ffisg;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jgth;fs;. (Nghu; tPuh;fs;)
irt
rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;j rj;jphpaf; Fyj;ij ,t; tUzj;jpy; ,Ue;J mfw;wp 5 e;jhtJ
th;zj;Jld; ,izj;J tpl;lhh;fs;. (,th;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf xl;Lth; r%fj;ijr;
rhh;e;jth;fSk;> td;dpah;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;fSk; jhd; rj;jphpaf;
Fyj;jpy;r; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;fs;.) ,jpy; ,Ue;J xJf;fg;gl;lth;fs;
nrq;Fe;j r%fj;ijr; rhu;e;jth;fs;. nerTj; njhopiyr; nra;gth;fs;. ,th;fs; ee;jp
Nfhj;jpukhFk;. ,r; r%fj;ijr;rhu;e;j ngz;fs; (Mlth;fs; NghUf;Fg; Nghtjy;) ,e;
nerTj; njhopiyg; Gupthh;fs;. ,r; r%fk; gil tPuh;fs; vd;w jFjpiag; gwpj;jhh;fs;.
,th;fs; ,jd; gpd; nerTj; njhopiy KO Neuj; njhopyhf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. ,jdhy; cL
Jzp jd;epiwT mile;jJ.
Gj;j
kjj;jpd; kPJ ghz;ba kd;dDk;> fpwp];jt kjj;jpd; kPJ aho;g;ghz kd;dDk; elj;jpa
tdKiwfs; ahTk; Gjpjhf te;j re;jpupa r%fk; jhd; nghUg;ghFk;. (,th;fs; kjk; khwpa
kf;fs;).
Gj;j
kjj;jpd; ngz;fs; Mzhjpf;fj;Jf;F Vjpuhfg;
Nghh;f; nfhb Jf;fpag; gbahYk;> ,e;J kjj;jpy; ,Ue;j ghtp gbe;j fiy
fyhr;rhuk; gz;ghLfs; Nghd;witfis vjph;j;J cUthd Gj;j kjj;jth;fis mopj;J
Mzhjpf;fj;ij ];jpug;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
kjk;
khwpa jkpo; kf;fs; MSk; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;J tpLthh;fs; vd;W (rpq;fs kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; kjk; khwpa rpq;fsth;fs; MSk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ug;gijg; ghh;j;J) fUjp
rq;fypa kd;dd; %yk; kd;dhupy; mk; kf;fis mopj;J aho; csh; Nkyhjpf;f Nkl;Lf;
Fbapdh;fs; jq;fs; MSk; mjpfhuq;fis jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
(Nghu;
Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ giw Koq;FtjpYk;> itj;jpaj;jpYk; jiy rpwe;jth;fshf
tpsq;fpdhh;fs;. ,th;fis csh; Nkl;Lf;Fb Nkyhjpf;fthjpfs; giwau; rhjp vd;Wk;>
Jukg rhjp vd;Wk; Gjpa rhjpia cUthf;fp ,th;fisAk; tWik epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L
te;jhh;fs;)
aho;g;ghzj;jpy;
cs;s cah; ,e;J kj Nkl;Lf; Fbapdhpd; MjuTld; gphpj;jhdpah;fs; ,r; r%fj;jpd; nerTj;
njhopiy mopj;J tWik epiyf;Fj; js;spdhh;fs;. mNjrkak; fpwp];jt kjj;Jf;Fk;
,th;fs; khwtpy;iy ( ,th;fs; tho;e;j fpuhkj;ijr; Rw;wpg; gy fpwp];jtj;
Njthyaq;fisg; gphpj;jhdpah;fs; cUthf;fpdhh;fs;.) tWik fhuzkhf ve;jr; r%j;jplKk;
mbikahfg; NghfTk; ,y;iy. mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpYk; $l mbikfis itj;J
-5-
,Uf;fTkpy;iy.
,jdhy; ,r; r%fk; kdpj ehfuPfk; nfhz;l r%fkhFk;.
gphpj;jhdpah;fs;
,r r%fj;jpdh;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mwpitAk;> muR cj;jpNahfq;fisAk; nfhLf;f tpy;iy.
fpuhkq;fSf;Fj;
jiyikg; gjtpf;fhff; (tphjidahf) nfhLf;Fk; NghJ ,th;fs; tho;e;j fpuhkj;jpy;
xUtUf;Fg; nghyp]; (tpjhidahh;) vd;w muR Ntiyiaf; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. (jtph;f;f Kbahj
fhuzj;jhy;)
,r; r%fk;
tWik fhuzkhf ,lk; ngah;e;J kw;iwa r%fq;fSld; (mth;fspd; njhopy;fisr; nra;J)
,ize;J tho;e;jhh;fs;. ,r; r%fj;jpd; ngaupy; tPjpfSk; cz;L.
,th;fs;
itj;jpaj;jpd; %yk; nghUl;fisr; rk;ghjpj;Jk;> rpyh; rpq;fg;G+h; Nghd;w
ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W nghUs; Njbj; jk; r%fj;jpd; ngaupy;f; fy;tpf; $lq;fis
mikj;jhh;fs;.
Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg;
gpd;Dk;> 1956 k; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;Dk; ,th;fspd; tho;ifj; juk; cah;e;jJ.
nerTj;
njhopiy nra;jgbahy;r; rfy ,e;J kjf; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; nfhbr; rpiy nfhLf;Fk;
jFjpiag; ngw;whh;fs;.
,th;fs;
ghtpj;j ul;lzk; jhd; (mfpk~;ir Fwpg;gJ) ,e;jpa ehl;bd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
nfhbr; rpd;dkhf mike;jJ.
Gj;j
kjj;Jf;F vjpuhfTk;> ghz;ba kd;dd; nra;j nfhLikfSf;Fk;> kd;dhhpy;
fpwp];jth;fisf; nfhd;wikf;Fk; ,q;F Gjpjhf te;j rj;jphpah; Fyk; jhd KOg;
nghWg;ghFk;. (,f; nfhLikfs; Nghd;Wjhd; ,d;iwa <o tpLjiy mikg;Gfspd;
nray;g;ghLfSk; xd;whfNt mike;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ).
,e;J
Nkl;Lf; Fbapdh;fs; cUthf;fpa rhjpfSk; r%fSk;
Nghu;f; fhyj;jpy; itj;jpak;
ghh;j;jth;fis Juk;g r%fkhf;fp xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; 2 my;yJ 3 Fbfs; tPjk;
FbNaw;wpdhh;fs;. ,th;fs; jhd; ,f; fpuhkq;fspy; kUj;Jt Ntiyfisr; nra;jth;fs;.
gpisg; ngU tprf;fb> fl;Litj;jpak; Nghd;w itj;jpa Ntiyfisr; nra;jth;fs;. ,r;
r%fk; jhd; rhjpg; gbkhdj;jpd; flrpg; gbapy; cs;sth;fs;.
(,th;fisg; Nghy;j;jhd;
nrq;Fe;j r%fKk; itj;jpah;fshf tpsq;fpdhh;fs;. ,th;fs; jhd; Nghu;f; fhyj;jpy;
Kjy; cjtp Gupe;jth;fs;)
gphpj;jhdpah;fs;
Mq;fpy kUj;Jt Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j (mth;fs; itj;jpaj;ij mopf;f) ,k; kf;fis
tWikahf;fp ,r; r%fk; cUthf;fpdhh;fs; ,th;fspy; rpyh; fj;Njhypf;fj;Jf;F kjk;
khwpa
-6-
gbahy;
rpwe;j lhf;lh;fs; vd;w ngaUld; tho;tij ePq;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy;g; ghh;f;ff;
$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 1956 k; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd; ,th;fspd tho;f;if Kiwapy; khw;wk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
Nghu; KuR
mbf;Fk; NghJ Nghu; tPuh;fSf;F xU tPu MNtrk; tUtijg; ghh;j;j gphpj;jhdpah;fs;
(gak; gpbj;J tpl;lJ) ,th;fisg; giwah; r%fq;fshf;fp 4 my;yJ 5 vd;w tPjj;jpy;
(Fbfshf) xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; FbNaw;wpdhh;fs;. rhjp uPjpahfj; Juk;gh; r%j;ij
tpl xU gb Kd; epiy nfhz;l r%fkhFk;. Mdhy; ,d;W ,t; thj;jpak; jkpoh;fspd; ghuk;
gupa thj;jpak; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
gphpj;jhdpah;fSk;
cah; ,e;J Nkl;Lf; FbapdUk; ,ize;J ,g; giw thj;jpaj;ijj; Jf;f epfo;r;rpf;F
thrpf;Fk; thj;jpakhfTk; khw;wptpl;lhh;fs;.
gpuhkzpah;fs;
cUthf;fpa r%fq;fs;.
Nfhaptpy;j;; nfhz;L; Gupj;j
ngz;fSf;Fk; gpuhkzpah;fSf;Fk; gpwe;j r%fe;jhd; ,ir Ntshsh;fs; vd;W $wg;gLk;
el;Ltr; r%fkhFk;.
,g;
ngz;fisj; Njt jhrpfs; vd;W ,e;j Mzhjpf;f thjpfs; tpspf;fk; $Wfpd;whh;fs;.
Nfhapy;fspy;
cjtp Gupe;jth;fisg; gz;lhupfs; vd;Wk; XJthh;fs; vd;Wk; ,U r%fj;ij
cUthf;fpdhh;fs;. ,th;fis 4tJ th;zj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
njd;
,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j Kjypahh; vd;w r%fk; xy;yhe;jh; fhyj;jpYk;>
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;fhyj;jpYk; mjpfhu th;f;fkhf tpsq;fpath;fis. (eph;thfj; jpwik
nfhz;lth;fs;. jk; kf;fis Nerpj;jth;fs;) md;W jq;fs; kf;fs; eyd; fUjpr;
nray;g;gl;lth;fs;.
,jdhy;
gphpj;jhdpah;fs; ,r; r%fj;jpd; mjpfhur; Nritiag; gpLq;fp vLj;J mjw;Fg; gjpyhfj;
juF KjyhspfisAk;> epiyikfisAk;> aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbapdh;fisAk;> kjk;
khwpath;fisAk; epakpj;jhh;fs;. ,k; Kjypahh; r%fk; kw;iwar; rpq;fsr; r%fq;fSld;
Nfhtpj;Jf; nfhz;L tWikfhuzkhd tlf;Nf te;J aho; cah; ,e;J Ntshs r%j;jpd;
mbikfshf tho;e;J te;jhh;fs;. ,th;fisf; Nfhtpar; r%fk; vd;W miog;ghh;fs;. ,r; r%fk;
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kl;Lk; jhd; cz;L. NtW jkpog; gpuNjrq;fspYk; (,e;jpah cs;g;gl)
,y;iy.
,e;J cah;
Ntshsr; r%fk; ,r; r%fj;Jld; jhd; ngz; tpilakhd njlh;Tfis itj;J ,Ug;ghh;fs; (NtW
ve;jr; r%fg; ngz;fSlDk; njhlh;Gfs; itj;J ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;.)
nky;ynky;y
cah; Fbfshf khwpath;fs; (fs;th;. kwth; ngupaNjhh; mfk;gbah;fs; nky;y nky;y
Ntshsh;fs; Mdhh;fs; vd;w go nkhop
-7-
aho;g;ghzj;jpy;
cz;L.) jhd; jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;iwa r%fj;Jld;
ngz;fs;
uPjpahfj; njhlh;Gfis itj;J ,Ue;jth;fs;. ,jw;F aho;g;ghzj;jpy; gy fpuhkq;fis
cjhuzkhfg; ghh;f;f KbAk;.
3tJ tUzk;
it];dth;fs;. ,th;fs; thzpfk; nra;gth;fs;. fhe;jp> NeU> gl;Nly;
Nghd;wth;fs; ,r; r%fj;ijr; rhu;e;jth;fs;.
fUk
fhupaq;fis 21 ehSf;Fs; nra;thh;fs;.
4tJ
th;zk; #j;jpuh;fs; ,d;iwa rfy cah; Fb kf;fSk; cs;slq;Fthh;fs;. ,thfspd; fUk
fhupaq;fs; 31 ehspy; elj;jg;gLk;. ,th;fs; rpt Nfhj;jpukhFk;.
5tJ tUzk;
gQ;rKfh;fs;. cah; r%fj;jhy; Xuk; fl;lg;gl;l tpspk;G epiy kf;fshFk;
(jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fshFk;. ,th;fSk; rpt Nfhj;jpuk; jhd;. 31 ehspy; fUk
fhupaq;fis nra;thh;fs;. 4 tUzj;jpy; tUk; r%fq;fisg; Nghd;wJ.
,t;
tu;zj;Jld; jhd; nrq;Fe;j r%fKk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
rptngUkhdpd;
jiyapy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jth;fs; gpuhkzpfs; vd;Wk;> rptngUkhdpd; Gaj;jpy; ,Ue;J
gpwe;jth;fs; rj;jphpah;fs; vd;Wk;> rptngUkhdpd; khu;gpy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jth;fs;
it];dth;fs; vd;Wk;> kw;wth;fs; midtUk; rptngUkhDila fl;ilf; fhy; tpuypy;
,Ue;J gpwe;jth;fs; vd;Wk; khDlj; jj;Jtk; $Wfpd;wJ. aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbapdh;fs;
jhq;fs; vtsT ngupa rhjp rdkhff; fhl;bdhYk; gpuhkz Mjpf;fk; vy;yhr; r%fq;fisAk;
xU Nfhj;jpuj;Jf;Fs; (rpt Nfhj;jpuk;) mlf;fptpl;lhh;fs;.
tl ehl;Lg;
gpuhkzpah;fSf;Fk; njd; ehl;Lg; gpuhkzpah;fSf;Fk; xU gzpg; Nghu; ele;J nfhz;L
,Ue;jJ. ,uhkypq;fk; mbahh; jhd; tl ehl;Lg; gpuhzpah;fis vjpu;j;j Kd;dzp
ghj;jpuj;ij tfpj;jth;. ,tupd; nfhl;lj;ij mlf;fg; gy Karpfs; vLj;Jj; Njhy;tp
fz;l gpd; mWKf ehtupd; cjtpAld; ,uhkypq;f mbahUf;F vjpuhf ePjp kd;wk;
nrd;whh;fs;.
rupah?
gpioah? ntw;wpah? Njhy;tpah? vd;W rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy; mw;wth; MWKf ehtyh;.
nghUSk; gzKk; ,Ue;jhy; vijAk; nra;a KbAk; vd;w vz;zg;ghl;il (MWKf ehtyupd;
nray;g;ghL) cUthf;fpaJ.
,t;
tpilak; <og; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mjpfkhf ntspg;gl;L cs;sJ.
,jw;F
uh[pitf; nfhd;wik> K];yPk; kf;fisf; nfhd;W ntspNaw;wpaik ey;y cjhuzk; MFk;.
jPT
kf;fs; njYq;F> kiyahsj; Njrj;J kf;fs; vd;gjhy; rhjpg; ghFghL mq;F
Njhd;wtpy;iy. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; cah; Ntshsr; r%fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; jPT kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; rpyh; mq;fhbfshf
-8-
khwpajd;
tpioT rhjpg; ghFghLfs; cUthfpg; gyh; cah; ,e;J Ntshsh;fshf khwp Nkl;Lf;
Fbapdh;fs; thOk; fpuhkq;fspy;f; FbNawp tho;j; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. ,g; gpuNjrj;jpy;
cs;s rpyh; tWik fhuzkhf td;dpg; gpuNjrq;fspy;f; FbNawpdhh;fs;. ,jpy; tlkuhl;rp
kf;fSk; mlq;Fthh;fs;. ePh;g; gpur;rid jhd; %y fhuzkhFk;.
ahog;ghzj;Jf;
fhzpfspd; ngah;fisg; ghh;j;jhy;g; gy cz;ikfs; GhpAk;. ngahpd; filrp vOj;J d;
dhtpy; Kbfpd;w ngah;fs; midj;Jk; tpspk;G epiy kf;fspd; ngah;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
jPTg; gFjpfspd; fhzpg; ngah;fs; kiyahs> njYf;Fg; ngau;fshf ,Ug;gij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
njhopy;
xd;Wk; Gupahky; (tptrhaj; njhopr; nra;ahky;) Ntshsh;fs vd;w ngau; vg;gb te;jJ
vd;gJ Mr;rupakhdJ. kw;iwa rfy rhjpfspd; ngah;fs; ahTk; njhopy; uPjpahdf; fhuzg;
ngah;fshFk;.
kPdt
r%fj;ijg;gw;wpJ.
,uhkhazk;
jkpoh;fs; (,yq;ifapy; cs;s) muf;fh;fs;
vd;Wk;> fiuNahuj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fisf; Fuq;Ffs; vd;Wk; rpj;jhpf;fpd;whh;fs;.
,th;fs; tPuk; kpf;fth;fs;. ,jdhy;j;jhd; ,uhkh; $l (nja;t mtjhuk;) xope;J
epd;Wjhd; nfhiy nra;jhh;.
,f;
fiuNahu kf;fs; (kPdtr; r%fk;) ,uhkhpd; fly;g; gilahf tpsq;fpath;fs;. ( ,uhkh;
,yq;ifiaf; flf;f cjtpath;fs;)
,e;j
kPdtr; r%fk; fiuNahwg; gFjpapy; thOk; r%fk; MFk;. jq;fs; [Ptpaj;Jf;fhf kPd;
gpbj; njhopiyr; nra;jhh;fs;. ,jdhy; kPdtr; r%fk; vd;W fhuzg; ngauhf te;jJ.
fpU];zid
tspgLk; r%fk; MFk;. ,q;F Vw;wj; jho;thd 4 gbkhdq;fs; cz;L.
1. FU
Fyr; r%fk;
,uhkhpd;
topte;j r%fk; FU Fyr; r%fk;. ,th;fs; fly;g; gilapd; Kjy;j; ju tPuh;fs;. (fly;g;
gilj; jsgjpfs;) fg;gy; Xl;bfsha; ,Ue;jth;fs;.
gpw;fhyj;jpy;f; fg;gy; fl;b
ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W tpahghuk; nra;jth;fs;. gphpj;jhdpah; fhyj;jpy; (ae;jpu
kakhd gpd;) Vw;Wkjp>
,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;jpy;
kw;iwa ntspehl;Lr; r%fq;fSld; Nghl;b Nghl Kbahky; ,th;fspd; tpahghuj; njhopy;
Klq;fpaJ. ,jdhy;f; flj;jy; fhuh;fshf khwptpl;lhh;fs;. ve;j epiyapYk; ,th;fs;
kPd;
-9-
gpbj; njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. kw;iwa kPd; gpbf;Fk; r%fj;ijj; jho;thfNt fUjpdhh;fs;.
gpughfud;
,r; r%fj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;.
2. gujd;
top te;jth;fs;. ,th;fs; fly;g;gilapy; 2ltJ ju mjpfhupfshf tpsq;fpath;fs;.
,th;fs; Mo;flypy;r; nrd;W kPd; gpbj; njhopiy Nkw; nfhz;lth;fs;.
jq;fj;Jiu
,r; r%fj;ijr; rhu;e;jth;.
3.
,yr;Rkzd; top te;j r%fkhFk;. ,th;fs; rhjhuz fly;g; gil tPuh;fshf
tpsq;fpath;fs;. ,th;fs; eLf; flypy; kPd; gpbj; njhopiy Nkw; nfhz;lth;fs;.
Fl;bkzp
,r; r%fj;ijr; rhu;e;jth;.
4 tJ
eFyd; rfhNjtd; top te;j r%fk;. fly;g;gilapy; vLgpb Ntiy nra;jth;fs;. jg;Gj;
jz;zPhpYk;> flw; fiuNahuq;fspYk;> Fsj;jpYk; kPd; gpbj; njhopiyr;
nra;jth;fs;.
rptj;jk;gp>
Nltpr;rd; ,r; r%fj;ijr; rhu;e;jtuhFk;.
rpq;fs;r;
r%fj;jpy; kPd; gpbr; r%fq;fs; cz;L. rhjpg; gbkhdq;fs; ,y;iy. ,r; rhjpg;
gbkhdq;fis cUthf;fpath;fs; ,e;J kj thjpfs; MFk;.
,yq;ifapd;
fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J jhd; khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fs; cUthfpaJ. ,jf;F
Gul;l];rhe;Jg; NghijfSk; xUfhuzkhFk;.
nfhy;tpd;>
rp.gp.b rpy;th> Nltpr;rd;> jq;fj;Jiu Nghd;wth;fis khw;W fUj;J thjpfs;
vd;W Mjhuk; fhl;l KbAk;.
,e;j
rhjpg; gbkhdj;ij itj;Jj;jhd; gpughfud; jq;jj;Jiuapd; jiyikiaNah> my;yJ
Nltpr;rd; jiyikiaNah Vw;ftpy;iy.
rhjp
uPjpahd mbg;gilapy;j; jhd rptFkhuDila nray;g;gLk; ,Ue;jJ.
rpq;fsr;
r%fj;jpy;g; Gj;jdpd; NghjidfshYk; kdpj ehfuPfKk; rhjp uPjpahd Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;w
Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. nghUspay; uPjpahd Vw;wj; jho;Tf;s ,Ue;jd.
kjk;
khwpdhYk; rhjpg; gbkhdq;fs; jkpoh;fs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J khwtpy;iy.
cah;
,e;J Ntshsh; vg;gb cUthdhh;fs;.
,e;jpahtpd; tlehl;Lg;
gpuhkzpah;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;GtJk;> Gfo;ghLgth;fshf ,Ue;j xl;Lth; r%fk;
jhd; ,r; r%fkhFk;.
-10-
,th;fs;
tlehl;by; ,Ue;J njd; ehl;Lf;F (jpuhtpl ehl;Lf;F) tlehl;Lg; gpuhkzpa
Mjpf;fj;ijg; gug;g te;jhh;fs;. jpuhtpl ehl;Lg; gpuhkzpah;fSf;F Kd;dhy;
,th;fspd; gpur;rhu Ntiyfs; vLgltpy;iy. md;W jpuhtpl ehl;by; jpuhtplg;
gpuhkzpah;fspd; Mjpfk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. (gpw;fhyj;jpy; tlehlLg; gpuhkzpah;fspd;
Mjpf;fj;jhy; rpy Nfhapy;fs; cUthfpaJ.) gpur;rhuk; vLglhj gbahy; ,t; xl;Lth;
r%fk; td;dpaf; r%fkhf khwpaJ. ,th;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;l r%fq;fs; thOk; gFjpfspy;f;
FbNawp (mth;fspd; fhzpfisg; gyhj;fhukhfg; ngw;wth;fs;) ,d;W mk; kf;fisf;
nfhLikg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;fs;. xU rjtPjkhdth;fs; (xl;Lth;) aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F te;J
FbNawpajhff; Nfs;tp [hd tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ.
,th;fs;
kd;dh;fspd; mjpfhuj;Jld; xl;b tho;e;j gpd; md;dpah;fspd; mjpfhuj;Jf;Fj; Jiz
Ngha;g;; gpd; gphpj;jhdpah;fspd; KO mjpfhuj;Jld; rq;fkk; Mdhh;fs;.
ve;jj;
njhopYk; ,d;wp mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jhh;fs;. muR cj;jpNahfq;fs; jhd; ,th;fspdJ
%yjdkhf mike;jJ. ,jdhy; aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbapdh;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mtrpakhd %yjdkh
kwpaJ.
,th;fspd;
tho;f;if Kiwiag; ghh;j;j rpy r%fq;fs; ,th;fshfNt tho;tjw;Fj; jq;fs; RNjrpj;
njhopy;fisAk; kdpj ,Ug;igAk; ,of;fj; jahuhdhh;fs;. ,jdhy; ,t; cah; Ntshsh;fSf;F
,r; r%fj;jpd; tuT gyj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. (nky;y nky;y Ntshsh; Mdth;fs; %yk;).
,th;fs;
%yk; rhjpg; gbaikg;ig ,Wf;fkhf;fp kf;fis mbikahf;fpdhh;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; >
gpupj;jhdpah;fspd; MjuTld; cau; r%fkhf khwpath;fis xh; msTf;Fj;jhd
tsutpl;lhh;fs; jq;fis kPwpg; Nghftpltpy;iy.
,th;fspd;
cjtpAld; jhq;fs; Ml;rpiag; gpbf;f aho; cah; Nkyhjpf;fr; rpe;jidia
cUthf;fpdhh;fs;. ,th;fs; ngsj;j rpq;fs; ,dthj Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; rhu;ghfNt
,aq;fpdhh;fs;.
Nkl;Lf;
Fbahf khwpath;fs; iff;F ,j; jiyik khwpa NghJ aho; Nkl;Lf;Fb ikathjkhf tsh;r;rp
ngw;wJ. ,e;j ikathjkhf ,j; jiyik vLj;j eltbf;iffs; jhd; aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbr;
rpe;jidia gaq;futhjkhf khw;wpaJ. (jiyikapYk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. gioa
jiyfs;
mopf;fg;gl;lJ) ,jdhy; aho; <oj; jkpo;j; Njrpathjk; cUthfpaJ. ,j; jUzj;jpy;f;
fUzh %ykhf (MAjk; %ykhf) fpof;Fj; jkpoj; Njrpa thjk; cUthfpaJ. Gypfs; K];yPk;
kf;fs; kPJ Vw;gLj;jpa mlhtbj;jdk; K];yPk; Njrpa thjj;ijg; gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ.
-11-
,e;jr;
rhjpg; gbkhdq;fis MWKf ehtyh; cuk; Nghl;L tsh;jhh;.
cah;
Ntshsh;fs;> nky;y nky;y khwpa cah; Ntshsh;fs;> nrq;Fe;jh;fs;> tpspk;G
epiyapy; cs; r%fq;fs; jhd; ,d;Wk; aho;g;ghz kf;fshFk;. kw;iwa gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s
r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy;g; nghUshjhu uPjpahd Vw;wj; jho;T nfhz;l kf;fshf
,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;.+
Fwpg;G:-
Gj;j kjj;ijj; gpd;gw;wpa ngz;fs; jhd cyfj;jpNyNa ngz; tpLjiyia ikakhf itj;Jg;
Nghuhbath;fs;. ,jdhy; kPz;Lk; jha; tspr; r%f mikg;G cUthfptpLk; vd;w mr;rj;jhy; Mupag; gpuhkz Mzhjpf;fthjpfs; ,e;J
kjj;ij Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; %yk; mg; Nghuhl;lj;ij eRf;fpdhh;fs;.
fpwp];jt
Njthiyaq;fisg; gpd; gw;wpj; jhd; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifapy;f;
fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; tho;e;j kjk; khwpa rpq;fs kf;fs; (Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijr;
rhu;e;jth;fs;) gpupj;jhdpahh;fspd; mjpfhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;Ffis tfpj;jhh;fs;.
,jw;F mQ;rpa cah; Nkl;Lf; Fbj; jkpoh;fs; kjk; khwpa jkpo; kf;fs; mjpfhuj;Jf;F
tuf; $lhJ (jq;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijj; jf;f itg;gjw;F) vd;gjw;fhf rq;fypaidf; fhl;bf;
nfhLj;jhh;fs; vd;W $wp mk; kjk; khwpa kf;fisr; rq;fpypa kd;dd; %yk; kd;dhh;j;
Njthiyaj;jpy; itj;Jg; gL nfhiy nra;tpj;jhh;fs;.
,e;J
kjj;ijAk;> rhjp mikg;Gf;fisAk;> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Kuz;ghLfisAk; cUthf;fpg;
ghJfhg;gjf;Fk; ,e;J kjj;jpd; ngauy; MWKf ehtyh; rpwg;ghd eltbf;iffisr;
nra;jhh;.
,J jhd;
aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbr; rpe;jidapd; jd;ikahFk;.
,yq;ifapy;
thOfpd;w rfy kf;fSk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j kf;fshFk;. (mjpfkhNdh;
kiyahspfs; MFk;.)
Fwpg;G:-
jkpof td;dpaUk; <oj;J td;dpaUk; (vOjpath; nty;yT+h;f; Nfhghy;)
vd;w E}iy thrpj;J [jhh;j;jkhf trpj;jhy; td;dpatfspd; KO G+h;tpfKk; mwpa KbAk;.