A. vd;.
gp. Njhw;whYk; rup ntd;whYk; rup jkpo;g; NgRk; kf;fs; kPJ ,d uPjpahdf; fytuk;
Vtp tplg;gLk;.
Gypfs;
rz;ilapy;j; Njhw;whYk; rup> ntd;whYk; rup jkpo; kf;fs; mfjpfshf ,lk; ngau;T
eilngWk;.
,J jhd;
,d;iwa jkpo;g; NgRk; kf;fspd; [jhh;j;jkhd [dehaf tho;T epiyahFk;.
1883 k;
Mz;L fj;Njhypf;f kjj;Jf;F kjk; khwpa kf;fSf;F vjpuhfr; rpq;fs ngsj;jg;
Nghpdthjpfs; xU rz;iliaf; nfhOk;G efhpy; cUthf;fpdhh;fs;. ,jpy; kjk; khwpa
jkpoh;fs; mjpfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
,r; rz;il
jhd; gpw; fhyj;jpy; ,d uPjpahd Kuz;ghLfis cUthf;f mj;jpthuk; ,l;lJ.
,k;
Kuz;ghLfis tsh;g;gjw;F aho; Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;f ,dthjr; rpe;jidAilaj;
jiyikAk;> ngsj;j rpq;fs ,dthj Nkyhjpf;fr; rpe;jidAila jiyikAk; jhd; %y fhuz fujhf;fs; MFk;. ,th;fspd; murpay;j;
Njhy;tpfs; jhd; ,t; ,df; fytuq;fSf;F %y fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
,r; rz;il
jhd; gpw; fhyj;jpy; ,d uPjpahd fytuq;fshfj;
jPr; Rthiyahf ,yq;ifapd; KKg; gFjpfSf;Fk; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1983 k; Mz;L
,r; Rthiy mjp cr;r epiyia mile;jJ. Ngu; mopit cz;Lgz;zpaJ. ,r;
nray;g;ghl;lhy;r; rpq;fs kf;fisj; jiy Fdpa itj;jJ. (rpiwapy; ,lk; ngw;w
Nghuhspfspd; nfhiy) jkpoh;fs; kj;jpapy;g; gaq;futhjj;ij cUthfpaJ. kPz;Lk; ,t; ,dr; Rthiyia Vw;gLj;j ,t; ,U
,dthj Nkyhjpf;f rf;jpfs; Kaw;rp vLf;fpd;whh;fs;.
,r;
Rthiyiaf; nfhOe;J tpl;L vhpa itj;jth;fs; rfy ,dj;jpy; cs;s Nkyhjpf;f ,dthj
mjpfhur; rf;jpfshFk;. (Vfhjpgj;jpa Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; tpRthrpfshf ,Ue;j
jiyth;fs;)
,ej ,df;
fytuq;fs; Nky; thupahd rk;gtq;fisg; nghJthd Kiwapy;g; ghh;j;jhy; ,J ,d uPjpahf
,Ue;jhYk;> Mdhy; [jhh;j;jkhf ,r; rk;gtk; Kjyhspj;Jt th;f;fj;ij tsh;g;gJ jhd;
,f; fytuq;fs; %y fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. (,yq;iff;F cyfkakhf;Fk; nfhs;ifisf;
nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf)
-2-
ngsj;j
rpq;fs Nkyhjpf;f thjpfSk;> ,e;J aho; cah; Nkyhjpf;f thjpfSk; jq;fs; ,dk;
jhd; cyfj;jpNyNa jiy rpwe;jth;fs; vd;w
fUj;Njhl;lj;jpy;
tho;e;jth;fs;. ,t; ,U Nkyhjpf;f thjpfs; gphpj;jhdpah;fspd; nry;yg; gps;isfs;
MFk;. Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg; gpd; jhq;fs; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;jpy; epiyj;J epw;gjw;fhf aho;
cah; Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;fj; jiyikfs;> ngsj;j rpq;fs Nkyhjpf;f ,dthjpfspd;
(A. vd;. gp apd;) nry;yg; gps;isfshf khwptpl;lhh;fs;. ,t; ,U Nkyhjpf;fr;
rf;jpfspd; nghJ cld;ghl;by;j; jhd; ,t; ,df;fytuq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lit.
Kw;Nghw;Fj;
Njrpa Kjyhspj;Jt Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (kPz;Lk; A. vd;. gp. ia Ml;rpf;Ff;
nfhz;LtUtjw;F) ,t; ,U Nkyhjpf;fr; rf;jpfs; ,df; fytuq;fis cUthf;f mj;jpthuk;
,Lthh;fs;.
,jw;fhf
,d uPjpahf murpay;f; fl;rpiaAk;> nkhop uPjpahd njhopw; rq;fq;fisAk;
cUthf;fpath;fs; ,e;j aho; cah; Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;f thjpfs; MFk;.
1956 k;
Mz;LbFg; gpd; gphpj;jhdpah;fspd; ifapy; ,Ue;j rfy epWtdq;fisAk;> fy;tpf;
$lq;fisAk; Njrpakakhf;Ftj;w;F vjpuhfr; nray;g; gl;lth;fs; ,e;j aho; cah;
Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;f thjpfs; MFk;. jq;fs; tpRthrj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg;
gphpj;jhdpah kfhuhzpf;Fj; je;jp mbj;jth;fs;.
1956 k;
Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd; jhd; jkpo;g; NgRk; rhjhuzkhd tpspk;G epiy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;
juk; cah;e;jJ. (,yq;ifapy; cs;s rfy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; Xh; msTf;F
cau;e;jJ.) ,jdhy; murpay; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. ,k; khw;wq;fspdhy;; kj;jpaju kf;fSk;
ed;ikaile;jhh;fs;. ,k; kf;fSf;F Clhf ,k; khw;wq;fis ,e;j aho; Nkl;Lf; Fb
Nkyhjpf;f thjpfs; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
,jw;F
cjhuzkhff; fupfhyd;> G];guh[h Nghd;wth;fs; ,e;j aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbr; rpe;jidf;F
vg;gb tpRthrkhf ele;J nfhz;lij itj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy; cz;ik GhpAk;.
gpw
khtl;lq;fspy;j; njhopy; Gupar; nrd;w aho;g;ghzj;Jj; jkpoh;fs; jq;fSf;Fg;
gps;isfs; gpwe;jhy; me;jj;j khtl;lj;jpNyNa jq;fSf;Fg; gps;isfs; mq;F
gpwe;jjhfg; (gz gyj;jhYk;> mjpfhu gyj;jhYk;) gjpT nra;J tpLthh;fs;. ,jdhy;
mk; khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s ,isQh;fspd; cah; fy;tpiaj; jl;bg; gwpj;JtpLthh;fs;.
(trjp Fiwe;j fy;tpf; $lq;fspy;g; gbf;Fk; ,isQh;fspd;) ,th;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy;
KOikahf ,Ue;J gbj;Jtpl;L (trjpfs; $ba fy;tpf; $lq;fspYk;> upA+rd; %yKk;)
gpd;dh; mk; khtl;lj;jpy; te;J gul;iria vOJthh;fs;.
-3-
1915 k;
Mz;L K];yPk;fsplk; ,Ue;J tpahghuq;fisf; (mq;fhb tpahghuk;) ifg;gw;Wtjw;F ,d
uPjpahd fytuj;ij ,e;j ,U
mjpfhu
Nkyhjpf;fthjpfs; elj;jpdhh;fs;. rpq;fsth;fSf;Fk;> jkpoh;fSf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp>
,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;jpYk; rup> mq;fhb tpahghuj;jpYk; rup Nghl;b Nghl Kbahj
fhy;g; Gzhr;rpapd; ntspg;ghLjhd; ,t; ,df; fytuk; MFk;. ,f; fytuj;jhy;g;
gphpj;jhdpah;fspd; Ml;rpf;Fg; gq;fk; Vw;gl;ljhy;j; jhd; ,f; ,df; fytuk;
rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,f; fytuk; K];yPk; kf;fisg;; gyk; tha;e;jjhf
mike;J ,Ue;jJ. ,t; fytuk; ey;y Kiwapy; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gbahy;
rpq;fsth;fs; tPuh;fs; Mdhh;fs;. ,jdhy;g; nghd;dkgyk; mUzhr;ryk; rpq;fs K];yPk;
kf;fspd; jiytdhfg; gupzkpj;jhh;. ,Ue;jhYk; ,th; njhopyhsh;fspd; th;f;f czh;Tf;F
kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jj; njhopyhsh;fspd; xw;Wikia tsh;j;jth;. ,jdhy;j; jhd; 1880 Mz;L
njhlf;fk; 1935 Mz;L tiu gy ,dthjr; nray;g; ghLfisAk; jhz;b njhopyhsh;fspd;
xw;Wik (,dk;> nkhop> kjk;> gpuNjrq;fisAk; jhz;b) Nky; xq;fp epd;wJ.
,e;j ,dg; G+ry;fs; gy jlitfs; cUthfpajhy;j; njhopyhsh;fspd; th;f;f czh;tpy;g;
ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gl;lJ.
,j;
njhopyhsh;fspd; xw;Wikapd; ntspg;ghLjhd; gphpj;jhdpah;fSf;Fk; mth;fs; rhu;e;j
Nkyhjpf;fr; rf;jpfSf;Fk; vjpuhfg; gy Nghuhl;lq;fis ehL jStpajhf elj;jp
ntw;wpngw;whh;fs;.
njhopyhsh;fspd;
jiy tupg; Nghuhl;lk;> efu Rj;jk; nra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghuhl;lk;> ,Oit
tz;bj; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;witfis cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
gphpj;jhdpah;fSf;F
vjpuhfr; nray;g;gLtjhff; $wpf; nfhs;Sk; rpq;fs; jkpo; Nkyhjpf;fr; rf;jpfs; (,J
xU fz; Jilg;G) ,dthj;ijj; J}z;btpl;L njhopyhsh;fspd; th;f;f xw;Wikiar;
rPh;Fiyg;gjw;fhfj; jhd; ,e;j ,dthjj;ij ,e;j Nkyhjpf;fr; rf;jpfs; ifahz;lhh;fs;.
,e;j mbg;gilapy;j; jhd; kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fspd; chpikfs; gwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; tUif ngsj;jr; rpq;fs ,dthj Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F (A. vd;. gp.)
tPo;r;rp Vw;g;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; aho; Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfj; jkpoh;fs;
kj;jpapy;g; Gjpa khw;Wj; jiyikfs; cUthfp ,th;fis tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jJ.
Njrpa
kakhf;Fk; nfhs;ifapd; %yk; (fy;tpf; $lq;fs;) rhjhuz tpspk;G epiy kf;fSf;Ff;
(gps;isfSf;F) fy;tp mwpT fpilj;jJ.
-4-
,jw;F
Kd;dh; ,k; kf;fs; fy;tp mwpitg; ngWtjw;F cau; fy;tpf; $lq;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. cah;
Ntshsr; r%fq;fs; ,g; gps;isfis mg; ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjpf;fTk; ,y;iy.
jug;gLj;jy;
NkYk; ,t; tpspk;G epiy kf;fSf;F cah; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;igg; Ngw;wJld; cah; muR
gjtpfSk; fpilg;gjw;F mjpf tha;g;Gf;fSk; fpilj;jJ. ,j; jug; gLj;jyhy; rfy
gpuNjrj;jpYk; cs;s (kiyaf> K];yPk; kf;fs; cs;g;gl) jkpo;g; NgRk; kf;fSk;
mjpfkhd ed;ikfs; mile;jhh;fs;. muR gjtpfisAk; mile;jhh;fs;. K];yPk;> kiyafj;
jkpo; kf;fSk; (jq;fs; kf;fSf;F) Nritr; nra;Ak; msTf;F mwpT uPjpahf
tsh;e;Js;shh;fs;. ,jdhy;j; jhd; ,e;j aho; Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;f thjpfSf;Fj;
Njrpa Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ fLk; rPw;wk; nfhz;L> mth;fSf;F vjpuhfj; jkpo;
kf;fis ,d uPjpahf ( rpq;fs kf;fs; kPJ) cRg;gptpl;lhhfs;.
kiyafj;
jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk;> K];yPk; kf;fSf;Fk;> rpq;fs kf;fSf;Fk;> kw;iwa
gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk; %is (rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy; mw;wth;fs;) fpilahJ
vd;W aho; cah; Nkl;Lf;F mjpfhur; rf;jpfs; fUjpaij ,j; Njrpakhf;Fk;g; glyKk;>
jug;gLj;jy;g; glyKk; cilj;J vupe;jJ. (aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbapdh;fs; jPh;khdkhd KbTfs;
gpioahdJ vd;W ep&gpj;jJ.) ,yq;ifapy; thOk; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; jpwikAk;>
%iyAk; cz;L vd;gij ,j; Njrpa Kjyhspj;Jtk; ep&gpj;jJ. ,ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L
,th;fs; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,d thjj;ij tsh;j;jhh;fs;.
A. vd;.
gp apd; njhlhr;rpahd ,df; fytuj;jpd; %yk; ,k; kf;fisg; ghjpg;G milar; nra;J
gaq;futhj;ij tsh;g;gjw;Fr; rhjfkhf;fpw; tpl;lhh;fs;.
%d;whk;
tFg;Gg; gbj;j b. v]. tpd;dd; nghd;didg;
(nghd;dg;gyj;ij) gjtpiaf; fhl;b Vkhw;wpaJ> nfhiyfSf;Fr; rf;futhj;jpahf
tpsq;fpa gpughfuidg; gL nfhiy kd;dd; uzpy; (rkhjhdk; vd;W $wp MAjj;ij ,dW tiu
J}f;f Kbahky;g; gz;zpaik> fUzhk;khidg; gphpj;Jg; Gypfisg; gytPdg;gLj;jpaik)
Vkhw;wpa tpilaq;fis ,t; aho; Nkl;Lf; Fbapdhpd; jpwikf;F tplg;gl;l rhT kzp
vd;gij mth;fSf;F ehd; epidT+l;l tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
njhlh;r;rpahf
,dthjj;ijg; NgrpAk;> njhlh;r;rpahd ,df; fytuq;fis cUthf;f cle;ijahf ,Ue;Jk;
nray;g;gl;ljd; tpioT jkpo; kf;fs; gaq;futhjpfspd; iff;Fs rpf;Fz;lhh;fs;. ,g;
gaq;futhjj;jpd; %yk; jhd; mk; Nkl;Lf; Fb
Nkyhjpf;fj; jiyikfs; mopf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; Clhfg; gaq;futhjpfs; jkpo; kf;fspd;
jiytdhf tu Kbe;jJ.
-5-
fy;tpf;fhfg;
Nghuhl ntspf;fpl;l aho; ,isQh; gil ,d;W gy;fiyf;fsfj;ij uTbfspd; Fifahf khw;wp
tpl;lhh;fs;.
jq;fj;Jiu>
Fl;bkzp> n[fd; Nghd;w th;fisg; gpughfud; ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jplk; fhl;bf;
nfhLj;Jr; rpj;jputijf;F cs;g; gLj;jg;
gl;lhh;fs;.
,th;fisAk;> kw;iwa ,af;fg; NghuhspfisAk; rpiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;Fk;
nray;g;gl;il xg;gpNu Njtd; (may; ehl;L csT ];jhgdj;jpd; MjuTld;) %yk; elj;JtJ
vd;W nray;j; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;J kw;iwa ,af;fq;fSld; fijg;gjw;Fr;
(re;jjpahupd; Kaw;rpahy;) fhe;jPaj;JlDk;> ghjh; rpq;fuh[uplKk; nghWg;ig
xg;gilj;jhh;fs;. lhf;lh; ,uh[Re;juk; kw;iwa <o tpLjiy mikg;Gf;fSld; fijj;J
rk;kjq;fisg; Ngw;whh;. rpq;fuh[h; Gypfspd; rk;kjj;ijAk; Ngw;whh;.
re;jjpahupd;
Kaw;rpahy;r; rfy ,af;fq;fSk; xw;Wikahf ,aq;FtJ vd;w jPh;khdj;Jld; jhd; rpiwapy;
,Ue;J ntsptUtjhf ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
,e;jUdj;jpy;
cyf Kjshspj;Jt kakhf;fy;f; nfhs;ifia ,yq;ifapy; eil Kiwg;gLj;jpr; Rje;jpu
th;j;jf tiyaj;ij (njhopyhsh;fis mbikahf itj;jpUf;Fk; rl;l jpl;lj;Jf;F mDf)
];jhgpg;gjw;fhf N[. Mh; fLk; Kaw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;.
N[. Mh;
uhy; mr; rpiw cilg;igj; jLf;f Kbahj epiyapYk;> gpughfud; jd; vjpupfshd
jq;fj;Jiu> Fl;bkzp> n[fd;> kw;Wk; Gnsl; Njhoh;fSk;> gpyhf;fh;
Nghd;wth;fs; ntspapy; te;jhy;j; jd; jiyikg; gjtpf;Fk;> jd; capUf;Fk; Mgj;J
te;JtpLk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy;g; gpughfuDk;> N[. mh;. Uk; ,ize;J ,t; ,df;fytuj;ij
(1977k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; tUlk; tUlk; njhlh;r;rpahf tUk; ,df; fytuj;ij) 1983 k;
Mz;L ngupjsTf;Fr; nra;tjw;Fj; jpl;lk; jPl;lg;gl;lJ.
rpq;fsg;
gFjpapy; thOk; jkpoh;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis uzpy;. %yk; jpul;lg;gl;lJ. gpw
khtl;lj; jiyefuq;fspy; cs;s jkpoh;fspd; tpahghuj; jyq;fis mopg;gjf;Fr;
rpwpkjjpA+ld; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. rfy ,lq;fSf;Fk; A. vd;. gp. Fz;lh;fs;
mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
,f; fl;rp
cs;Sh;j; jiyth;fspd; ngWg;ghf ,Ue;jhh;fs;. rpiwapy; cs;s <og; Nghuhspfisf;
nfhiy nra;tjw;Fg; gpNukjhrtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. rpiwf; ifjpfsplk; (A. vd;. gp
f; Fz;lh;fs;. tpkhdf; flj;jypy; Fw;wthspahfr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j NrtPuh vd;gtupd;
jiyikapy;) xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. nrl;bj; njUit (jkpoh;fspd; eiff; filfs; cs;s
tpahghuj; jyk;) ghJfhg;gjw;Ff; fWg;G ,uhZtg; gilg; gpupit cUthf;fp (,th;fs; 30
tUlq;fshf A. vd;. gp. f; fl;rpapy; mq;fk; tfpj;jth;fspd; gps;isfshFk;)
mth;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it midj;ijAk; 5 ehl;fSf;Fs; N[. Mh;.
-6-
nra;J
Kbj;jhh;. ntrhf; md;Wjhd; rpiw cilg;G ,lk;ngw ,Ue;j ehs; MFk;.
Gnshl;
cWg;gpdh;fs; rpiwf;Fs;r; nrd;W mg; Nghuhspfis ntspapy;f; nfhz;Lte;J nuNyhtplk;
xg;gilj;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e; jUzk; nfhOk;gpy; cs;s ,uhZtj;ijj; jhf;fpj; jLg;gjw;F
<. gp.
Mh;. vy. v/t; mikg;gpd; jiyikapy;g; GypfSk; (15 Ngh; nfhz;l mikg;G) ,ize;J
nray;g;gLtJ vd;Wk;> nuNyh ePh; nfhOk;gpy; itj;J xg;gpNuNjtdplk; Nghuhspfis
xg;gilg;gJ vd;Wk; gpd; Njtd; mth;fis ,e;jpahTf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tJ vd;Wk; jpl;lk;
jPl;lg;gl;lJ. (rpq;fuh[h; %yk; GypfSf;F ,j; jpl;lk; KOikahfj; njhpate;jJ.). ,r;
rpiw cilg;Gf;Fr; rpy Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpq;fs ,isQh;fSk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jhh;fs;. (
Kd;dhs; N[. tp. gp. j; Njhoh;fs;> gpd; Gnshl;Lld; ,ize;J ,aq;fpath;fs;.)
A+iy 21
k; jpfjp rfy ,lq;fSf;Fk; A. vd;. gp f; Fz;lh;fs; mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
(xt;nthU Mf];l; khjj;jpy;j; jhd; tsikahf ,df; fytuk; ,lk; ngWtJ tsik ,t;
,df;fytuk; xUkhjj;Jf;F Kd; te;j gbahy;g; gy jkpoh;fs; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;)
ve;jf;
fhuzfhupaq;fSk; ,d;wp 13 ,uhZtj;ij tpLjiyg;Gypfs; nfhd;wik jhd; ,t; ,df;
fytuj;Jf;F %y fhuzkhFk;. (,jw;Fg; GypfSk;> aho; Nkyhjpf;fj; jiyikAk; $wpa
fhuhzq;fs; gL GOFj;jdkhdJ. ,t; ,U ngz;fspd; ngah; Ch; vJ vd;W ,d;W tiu xUtuhYk;
$w Kbatpy;iy.) ,t; 13 ,uhZtj;jpdh;fspd;
cly; nfhOkGf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;Lj; jfdk; nra;tjw;Ff; fdj;ij kahdj;Jf;F nfhz;L
NghFk; rkaj;jpy; ,f; nfh^ukhd ,df;fytuk; ehL KOtjpYk; A. vd;. gp f; Fz;lh;fshy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F N[. Mhpd; Ngr;R vupfpd;w neUg;Gf;F vz;iz cj;jpakhjphp
,Ue;jJ. Nghh; vd;why; Nghu; rkhjhdk; vd;why; rkhjhdk; vd;W N[. Mh; upd; #y;
ciuapd; gyd;jhd; ,t; ,df;fytuk; kpff; nfh^ukhd Kiwapy; ,lk; ngw;wJ.
,j; jUzk;
,t; ,df;fytuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ve;j tpjkhd eltbf;iffisAk; N[. Mh;. muR
vLf;ftpy;iy. ,j; jhf;Fjiyr; nra;j Gypfs; ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;W tpllhh;fs;
,jdhy; jpUney;Ntypapy; 50 f;F Nkw;g;gl;l nghJ kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;fs;.
jkpo;
kf;fisg; ghJfhf;f khl;lhh;fs; vd;gjw;F ,j; jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpd; Gypfs;
ele;;Jnfhz;l tpjk; ey;y cjhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
%d;whtJ
ehs; md;W (Kjy; ehs; 35 Ngh;uhspfs; rpiwapy;f; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;fs;) kpFjpahd 18
Ngh; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,r; rkak; nrl;bj; njUitr; rpy Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpq;fs
,isQh;fs; jhf;fpdhh;fs; ,jd; tpiothf N[. Mh;. tupe;;Jf; fl;bf; nfhzL Ch;
mlq;Fr;
-7-
rl;lj;ij
mKy;g;gLj;jp (fzlTld; RLk; gb fl;lisapl;lhh;) ,df; fytuj;ijf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Ff;
nfhz;Lte;J fg;gy;fis ( ,e;jpahtpd; cjtpAld;) mtru mtrukhf tutisj;Jj; jkpo;
NgRk; kf;fis aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F mDg;gpitj;jhh;. ( mfjp Kfhk;fspy; itj;Jj;
jkpoh;fis mth;fs; fz;Kd;dhy; nfhiy nra;tJ vd;w jpl;lk;
epiwT
ngwtpy;iy. ,jw;F %yfhuzk; nrl;bj; njUj; jhf;FjyhFk;.
KO rpq;fs
kf;fs; ,dthjpfshf ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; xU jkpod; $l capUld; jpUk;gp ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gNj
cz;ik.
kiyehl;Lg;
gFjpfspy;j; jkpoh;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpath;fs; rpq;fs Kw;Nghf;F (N[. tp. gp.
csg;gl) ,isQh;fshFk;.
Ke;jpa
fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w ,df; fytuj;jpy;g; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kiyaj; jkpo; kf;fis
jkpo;g; gpuNjrj;Jf;F muNr mDg;gpitj;jJ. Mdhy; 1983 k; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w ,df;
fytuj;jhy;g; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fisj; jkpo;g; gpuNjrj;Jf;F mDg;gp
itf;fhky; me;j me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpNyNa mfjp Kfhk;fis mikj;J mth;fis mq;NfNa
thOk;gb fl;lisapl;lhh;fs;.
,jw;fhd
fhuzk; vd;dntdpy; 1977k; Mz;by; ,Ue;J njhlh;r;rpahf ,df; fytuj;jpy;g;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fis aho;g;ghzk; jtph;e;j kw;iwaj; jkpo;g;
gpuNjrj;jpy; ,k; kf;fisf; fhe;jPak; vd;w mikg;Gf; FbNaw;wp mth;fspd; tho;Tf;F
cj;juthjk; nfhLj;jJ. njhopyhsh;fshf ,Ue;j kf;fis kz;Zf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhudhf;Ftjd;
%yk; <og; Nghuhl;lk; xU Gjpa tbtj;ij (rPdhg; Gul;rp khjphp) vLf;Fk; vd;w
vz;zg;ghl;by;j; jhd; fhe;jPak; jd; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij tFj;Jr; nrayhw;wpaJ.
(,uh[Re;juk;> Re;juk;> re;jjpahh;> mdgofd;> ,uhN[e;jpud; Nghd;w
Kd;dzp ,isQh;fs; gy jpahfq;fspd; kj;jpapy;r; nrayhw;wpdhh;fs;.)
,k;
kf;fs; aho; Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;fj; jiyth;fSf;Fj; Njh;jypy; thf;Ffs; Nghl
khl;lh;fs; vd;w Iag;gl;lhYk;> fhe;jPaj;jpd; jpl;lj;ijAk; mwpe;J ,t;; aho;
Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;fj; jiyik
N[. Mh;
Uf;F vLj;Jf; $wpajhy; 1983 k; Mz;L eilngw;w ,df; fytuj;jhy;g; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fisj; jkpo;g; gpuNjrq;fSf;F mDg;Gtij N[. Mh;. muR kWjspj;jJ.
fhe;jPaj;Jf;Fr;
rpW gps;isfSf;F nfhLf;f ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J te;j ghy; kh Nghd;w rpWgps;isfSf;fhd
czTg; nghUf;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;a tplhJ mkph;jh; N[. Mh; %yk; jLj;J
itj;jpUe;jhh;h;.
re;jjpahiuf; fhe;jPaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifia mkph;jh;
fhj;jPaj; jiyikg; gPlj;jplk; Kd; itj;jhh;. mth; Ntz;L Nfhis Nltpl;Iah Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJTk; mLj;j fzk; nghUs;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Nltpl;Iah
mt;
thf;Fwjpiar; nrayhw;whky; ,ij mth;fspd; murpay; efh;T Nghy; ehd; ele;J
nfhz;Nld; vd;W $wpdhh;.
,jdhy;f;
fhe;jPag; gz;izfSf;F ,uhZtj;ij mDg;gpj; njhz;lh;fisAk;> mk; kf;fisAk;
Jd;GWj;jpdhh;fs;. ,JTk;
Kbahky;g;
Nghdjhyf;; fhe;jPaj; jiyth;fisAk;> Kd;dzpj; Njhoh;fisAk; ifJ nra;aitj;Jf;
fhe;jPaj;ijr; rl;lg;gb (rpWth; ,y;yk; vhpf;fg;gl;lJ) jilnra;J mth;fisj;
jz;bf;fyhk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; nray;g;gl;lhh;fs;. rpq;fuh[iur; re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpajhf
(rpiwAilg;Gr; rk;ge;jkhff; fijj;jij) mthpd; thf;F %yj;jpd; gb mth;fisf; ifJ
nra;J rpiwapy; milj;jhh;fs;. ,J aho; Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;fj; jiyikapd;
nray;g;ghl;Lf;F ey;y cjhuzkhFk;.
mkph;jh;
khw;Wj; jiyikfis mopj;jik> khh;f;rpa thjpfisAk; mikg;Gf;fisAk; mopj;jik>
Re;juk; re;jjpahh;. tpRthe;jNjtd; Nghd;w Kw;Nghf;F ,isQh;fisAk; mopj;jikf;Fg;
gpd; (gpughfudhy;) filrpahf ,e;jg; gaq;futhjj;jhy; mkph;jUk; mopf;fg;gl;lhh;.
rfy
,af;fis mopj;Jg; Gypfs; jdpf; fhl;L uh[hthf te;j gpd; jhd; muRld; Nkhjpdhh;fs;.
( gpw ehl;by; elf;Fk; ky;Aj;jk Nghd;wJ). cz;ikahd Nghiur; re;jpupf;fh te;j gpd;
jhd; Gypfs; Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;b te;jJ. mjdhy;j;jhd; aho;g;ghzj;J kf;fisg; gzaf;
ifjpfshf itj;Jg; Gypfs; td;dpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;wij ahUk; kWjypf;f khl;lhh;fs;
vd;W ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. me;j 6 yl;r kf;fSk; ,d;Wk; mbikahf itj;jpUg;gijAk;
kdpjhgpkhdk; nfhz;l vtUk; kwf;fkhl;lhh;fs;.
xU <o
tpLjiy ,af;fk; xd;W ,Ue;jhy;g; NghJk; vd;w KbTf;F te;j gpd; Kjypy; nuNyhit mZfp
kw;iwa rfy ,af;fq;fis mopf;Fk; gb gzpj;jhh;fs;. nuNyhj; jiyik ,t; Ntz;L Nfhis
epuhfhpj;J tpl;Lj; jd; NghuhspfSld; aho;g;ghzk; te;J gyhyp ,uhZt Kfhikj;
jhf;Fk; jpl;lj;Jld; jhd; te;jhh;fs;. ,jw;Fs; nuNyh Kd;dzpj; jiyikf;Fs;f; fUj;J
NtWghLfs; Vw;gl;lJ. xU jho;j;jg;gl;l Nghuhsp Kf;fpa jiytdhf tUtij vjph;g;Gf;
fhl;bath; cah; Fyj;Jg; Nghuhspjhd;. ,ij ney;ypabapy; ,Ue;j xU rpy
khh;f;rpathjpfs; mg; Nghuhspf;Fj; Jizepd;whh;fs;. ,e;j cah; rhjpg; Nghuhsp
jiyikf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhky; MyhTitAk;> jUkypq;fj;ijAk; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;. ,ijg;
ghh;j;j egiu ney;ypabr; re;jpapy; itj;J kpUfj;jd khff; nfhd;wij rfyUk;
(khh;f;rpa thjpfs; cs;g;gl) Ntbf;if ghh;j;jhh;fs;. mthpd; rf ghbfshy; mg;
Nghuhsp itj;jparhiyapy; itj;Jf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
jiyik
,e;j KUty; epiyiaj; jLg;gjw;Fj; jd; Nghuhspfis MAjj;ijf; fPNo itf;Fk; gb
gzpj;jJ. ,ijg; gad; gLj;jp nuNyhit mopj;jhh;fs;. ,jd; gpd; kw;iwa ,af;fq;fisAk;
-9-
mopj;jhh;fs;.
Gnshl; mikg;igj; jilnra;jhh;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s Nghuhspfs;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl tpy;iy. jg;gp ntspehLfSf;Fg; Nghf itj;jhh;fs;.
Gypfis
,e;jsTf;F tsh;g;gjf;F cjtpa ehLfs; ,d;W Gypfisj; jilnra;Js;sJ.
nuNyh
mikg;Gj;jhd; ,yq;if muir Ml;lk; fhZk; msTf;F ,U ngupa jhf;Fjiyr; nra;jJ.
(ifjbj; jhf;FjyhFk;). ,j; jhf;Fjy; ,e;jpahitNa Mr;rupaj;jpy; Mo;j;jpaJ.
Ks;spf;
Fsk; (tTdpahtpy;) Gnshl; (rq;fpypad; FO) elj;jpa jhf;Fjy; Gypfspd; gyj;Jf;F
tpOe;j rthyhf mike;jJ.
lf;fpy];
[dehaf uPjpahf tsh;e;jJ Vf gpujpepjp vd;w khiaia cilj;jJ.
fUzhtpd;
tUif aho; Nkl;Lf; Fb Nkyhjpf;f mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; (GypfSf;Fk;) tpOe;j gyj;j
mbahFk;.
gue;jd;
uh[dpd; fbjj;jpd; %yk; g]j;jpahk;gps;is nfhiy tplak; mk;gyj;Jf;F te;jJ. ,d;Dk;
gy tpilaq;fs; mk;gyj;Jf;F tUk;.
<o
tpLjiy ,af;fq;fspy;r; rfy Njhoh;fSf;Fk; epidTgLj;jp mQ;ryp nrYj;Jk;
(mikg;Gf;Fj; JNuhfk; ,ioj;J ,Ue;jhYk; $l)
XNu mikg;G nuNyh jhd;. kz;izAk;> ciog;igAk; Nerpf;Fk; kf;fspd;
gps;isfs; vd;gjhy;.
,jd; clhf
,d;W ,aq;Ffpd;w kw;iwa ,af;fq;fspd; kNd epiyAk; nray;g;ghLk; aho; Nkl;Lf; Fb
Nkyhjpf;fr; rpe;jidapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. kw;w mikg;Gf;fs; xd;W ,ize;J
(Mj;kuPjpahf) xU khw;W fUj;Jf; nfhz;l mikg;igf; fl;b mikf;fhJ jdpj;J epd;W
jdpahf ,aq;FtJ gaq;futhjj;Jf;F MjuT nfhLg;gJ Nghd;wjhFk;. ,d;W K];yPk; ehLfspd;
xw;Wikapdik jhd; K];yPk; kf;fspd; mopTf;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;. mlk;gd; nfhbAk;
jpuz;lhy; kpLf;F vd;w tplaj;ij kw;iwa mikg;gpy; cs;s Njhoh;fSf;F
epidT+l;Lfpd;Nwd;.
jkpo;
kf;fspd; tpLjiyia my;yJ Rje;jpuj;ij my;yJ chpikfis gw;wpa vz;zg;ghl;by; itj;J
(cq;fs; <Nfhf;fis kwe;J) [jhh;j;jkhfr; rpe;jpj;jhy; cq;fs; kNdh epiyia
ePq;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.